Metodologias educativas na aprendizagem de primeiros socorros em escolas: Revisão de Escopo / Educational methodologies in learning first aid in schools: scope review / Metodologías educativas en el aprendizaje de los primeros auxilios en la escuela: revisión del alcance

Objetivo: descrever as metodologias educativas e seus resultados no ensino de primeiros socorros para professores e estudantes do Ensino Fundamental. Método: revisão de escopo com artigos publicados em português, inglês ou espanhol. Incluíram-se artigos originais, artigos de revisão e relatos de experiência sobre metodologias de ensino-aprendizagem em primeiros socorros. A revisão abrangeu 21 estudos publicados entre os anos de 2015 e 2020. Resultados: abordagens educativas tradicionais do tipo treinamento teórico-prático predominaram; entretanto, como mais efetivas, foram apontadas as metodologias que oportunizam a participação ativa dos educandos na construção dos cenários e desafios de aprendizagem. As competências para educação em primeiros socorros demandam domínio de habilidades, conhecimentos e atitudes, podendo ser desenvolvidas por leigos (professores e estudantes), desde que eles recebam o devido treinamento. Aplicação pré e pós-teste foi o recurso utilizado para aferir os resultados da relação ensino-aprendizagem, com expressiva variabilidade quanto aos critérios amostrais e temporais. Conclusão: independente da metodologia educativa e do método avaliativo utilizados, a aprendizagem de primeiros socorros nas escolas produz impacto positivo na autoeficácia das respostas às situações de emergência, tanto para estudantes quanto para professores. O ensino deve ser estimulado no ambiente escolar, de acordo com as especificidades de faixa etária e com periodicidade anual.(AU)

Objective: to describe educational methodologies and their results in teaching first aid to elementary school teachers and students. Method: scoping review with articles published in Portuguese, English or Spanish. Original articles, review articles and experience reports on teaching-learning methodologies in first aid were included. The review covered 21 studies published between 2015 and 2020. Results: traditional educational approaches of the theoretical-practical training type predominated; however, as more effective, methodologies that provide the active participation of students in the construction of learning scenarios and challenges were highlighted. Competencies for first aid education require mastery of skills, knowledge, and attitudes, and can be developed by lay people (teachers and students) if they receive the appropriate training. Pre- and post-test application was the resource used to assess the results of the teaching-learning relationship, with significant variability in terms of sampling and temporal criteria. Conclusion: regardless of the educational methodology and evaluation method used, learning first aid in schools has a positive impact on self-efficacy in responding to emergency situations, both for students and teachers. Teaching must be encouraged in the school environment, according to the specificities of the age group and on an annual basis.(AU)

Objetivo: describir metodologías educativas y sus resultados en la enseñanza de primeros auxilios a profesores y alumnos de enseñanza primaria. Método: revisión exploratoria con artículos publicados en portugués, inglés o español. Se incluyeron artículos originales, artículos de revisión e informes de experiencias sobre metodologías de enseñanza-aprendizaje en primeros auxilios. Resultados: la revisión abarcó 21 estudios publicados entre 2015 y 2020. Predominaron los enfoques educativos tradicionales de tipo formativo teórico-práctico, sin embargo, las metodologías que brindan oportunidades para la participación activa de los estudiantes en la construcción de escenarios y desafíos de aprendizaje fueron señaladas como las más efectivas. Las competencias para la enseñanza de primeros auxilios exigen el dominio de habilidades, conocimientos y actitudes, y pueden ser desarrolladas por personas legas (profesores y alumnos), siempre que estén debidamente cualificadas. La aplicación de pre y postest fue el recurso utilizado para evaluar los resultados de la relación enseñanza-aprendizaje, con variabilidad significativa en cuanto a los criterios de muestra y tiempo. Conclusión: independientemente de la metodología educativa y del método de evaluación utilizados, el aprendizaje de primeros auxilios en la escuela tiene un impacto positivo en la autoeficacia para responder a situaciones de emergencia, tanto para los alumnos como para los profesores. La enseñanza debe estimularse en el medio escolar de acuerdo con las especificidades del grupo de edad, con periodicidad anual.(AU)

A Mixed-Methods Evaluation of Patient Education Materials for Colorectal Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Patient education materials are created by professional organizations to inform patients about their disease and its treatment. However, it remains unclear if these materials are appropriate for patients. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to broadly evaluate the education materials for patients with colorectal cancer. DESIGN: Patient education materials from the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, the National Cancer Institute, and the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons were assessed quantitatively by using 1) the Flesch-Kincaid readability formula and 2) the Patient Education Material Assessment Tool. The Patient Education Material Assessment Tool scores materials in 2 domains: understandability and actionability. These materials were further evaluated qualitatively via an exploratory focus group with patients and their caregivers (n = 5) and semi-structured interviews with board-certified/eligible colorectal surgeons (n = 10). SETTING: This study was conducted at academic centers and a regional professional society meeting. PARTICIPANTS: The mean patient age was 63. Most surgeons (8/10) practiced in an academic setting, and 4/10 were female. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcomes measured were reading grade level and domain scores for the Patient Education Material Assessment Tool. Qualitative data were recorded, transcribed, and coded. Themes were generated through data interpretation and data reduction. RESULTS: Materials ranged from 7th to 11th grade reading level. National Comprehensive Cancer Network materials scored highest for understandability (92.2% ± 6.1%, mean ± SD), followed by National Cancer Institute (84.0% ± 6.6%) and American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (82.2% ± 6.3%) materials. Actionability scores varied; the National Comprehensive Cancer Network materials scored 82.5% ± 1.7%, whereas the National Cancer Institute and American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons materials scored 23.3% ± 6.7% and 50.0% ± 8.2%. Critical gaps were identified in the content of these materials. Patients wanted more information about self-care, both emotional and physical. Specifically, patients sought details about postoperative bowel function. Whereas surgeons wanted information about the typical hospital course and recovery, all wanted materials to be customizable. LIMITATIONS: A limited number of materials were reviewed, and patient focus groups were exploratory. CONCLUSIONS: Commonly available printed education materials for colorectal cancer are written at a high reading grade level, vary in their usability, and neglect important details about postoperative recovery. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B535. EVALUACIN DE MTODOS MIXTOS DE MATERIALES EDUCATIVOS PARA PACIENTES SOBRE CNCER COLORECTAL: ANTECEDENTES:Los materiales educativos para pacientes son creados por organizaciones profesionales para informar a los pacientes sobre su enfermedad y su tratamiento. Sin embargo, no está claro si estos materiales son apropiados para los pacientes.OBJETIVO:Evaluar ampliamente los materiales para el cáncer colorrectal.DISEÑO:Los materiales educativos para pacientes de la Red Nacional Integral del Cáncer (NCCN), el Instituto Nacional del Cáncer (NCI) y la Sociedad Americana de Cirujanos de Colon y Recto (ASCRS) se evaluaron cuantitativamente utilizando (1) la fórmula de legibilidad de Flesch-Kincaid y (2) la herramienta de evaluación de material educativo para pacientes. La Herramienta de evaluación de materiales educativos para pacientes califica los materiales en dos dominios: comprensibilidad y viabilidad. Estos materiales fueron evaluados cualitativamente a través de un grupo de enfoque exploratorio con pacientes y sus cuidadores (n = 5) y entrevistas semiestructuradas con cirujanos colorrectales certificados o elegibles para certificación por el consejo (n = 10).ESCENARIO:Centros académicos y un encuentro regional de una sociedad profesional.PACIENTES:La edad media de los pacientes fue de 63 años. La mayoría de los cirujanos (8/10) practicaban en un entorno académico, y 4/10 eran mujeres.PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE RESULTADO:Nivel de grado de lectura y puntajes de dominios para la Herramienta de evaluación de materiales educativos para pacientes. Los datos cualitativos se registraron, transcribieron y codificaron. Los temas se generaron mediante la interpretación y la reducción de datos.RESULTADOS:Los materiales variaron desde el nivel de lectura del 7° al 11° grado. Los materiales de la NCCN obtuvieron la puntuación más alta en comprensibilidad (92.2 ± 6.1%, media ± DE), seguidos por los materiales de NCI (84.0 ± 6.6%) y ASCRS (82.2 ± 6.3%). Los puntajes de viabilidad variaron; Los materiales de NCCN obtuvieron una puntuación de 82.5 ± 1.7%, mientras que los materiales de NCI y ASCRS obtuvieron una puntuación de 23.3 ± 6.7% y 50.0 ± 8.2%, respectivamente. Se identificaron lagunas críticas en el contenido de estos materiales. Los pacientes querían más información sobre el autocuidado, tanto emocional como físico. Específicamente, los pacientes buscaron detalles sobre la función intestinal posoperatoria. Mientras que los cirujanos querían información sobre el curso hospitalario típico y la recuperación, y todos querían que los materiales fueran personalizables.LIMITACIONES:Se revisó una cantidad limitada de materiales y los grupos de enfoque de pacientes fueron exploratorios.CONCLUSIONES:Los materiales educativos impresos comúnmente disponibles para el cáncer colorrectal están escritos a un alto nivel de grado de lectura, varían en su usabilidad y omiten detalles importantes sobre la recuperación postoperatoria. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B535.

EurOP2E - the European Open Platform for Prescribing Education, a consensus study among clinical pharmacology and therapeutics teachers.

PURPOSE: Sharing and developing digital educational resources and open educational resources has been proposed as a way to harmonize and improve clinical pharmacology and therapeutics (CPT) education in European medical schools. Previous research, however, has shown that there are barriers to the adoption and implementation of open educational resources. The aim of this study was to determine perceived opportunities and barriers to the use and creation of open educational resources among European CPT teachers and possible solutions for these barriers. METHODS: CPT teachers of British and EU medical schools completed an online survey. Opportunities and challenges were identified by thematic analyses and subsequently discussed in an international consensus meeting. RESULTS: Data from 99 CPT teachers from 95 medical schools were analysed. Thirty teachers (30.3%) shared or collaboratively produced digital educational resources. All teachers foresaw opportunities in the more active use of open educational resources, including improving the quality of their teaching. The challenges reported were language barriers, local differences, lack of time, technological issues, difficulties with quality management, and copyright restrictions. Practical solutions for these challenges were discussed and include a peer review system, clear indexing, and use of copyright licenses that permit adaptation of resources. CONCLUSION: Key challenges to making greater use of CPT open educational resources are a limited applicability of such resources due to language and local differences and quality concerns. These challenges may be resolved by relatively simple measures, such as allowing adaptation and translation of resources and a peer review system.

Practical Approach to the Tele-Neuro-Ophthalmology and Neuro-Otology Visits: Instructional Videos.

ABSTRACT: A collection of instructional videos that illustrate a step by step approach to tele-neuro-ophthalmology and neuro-otology visits. These videos provide instruction for patient preparation for their video visit, patient and provider interface with an electronic medical record associated video platform, digital applications to assist with vision testing, and practical advice for detailed remote neuro-ophthalmologic and neuro-otologic examinations.

An educational pathway and teaching materials for first aid training of children in sub-Saharan Africa based on the best available evidence.

BACKGROUND: First aid training is a cost-effective way to decrease the burden of disease and injury in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Since evidence from Western countries has shown that children are able to learn first aid, first aid training of children in LMIC may be a promising way forward. Hence, our project aim was to develop contextualized materials to train sub-Saharan African children in first aid, based on the best available evidence. METHODS: Systematic literature searches were conducted to identify studies on first aid education to children up to 18 years old (research question one), and studies investigating different teaching approaches (broader than first aid) in LMIC (research question two). A multidisciplinary expert panel translated the evidence to the context of sub-Saharan Africa, and evidence and expert input were used to develop teaching materials. RESULTS: For question one, we identified 58 studies, measuring the effect of training children in resuscitation, first aid for skin wounds, poisoning etc. For question two, two systematic reviews were included from which we selected 36 studies, revealing the effectiveness of several pedagogical methods, such as problem-solving instruction and small-group instruction. However, the certainty of the evidence was low to very low. Hence expert input was necessary to formulate training objectives and age ranges based on "good practice" whenever the quantity or quality of the evidence was limited. The experts also placed the available evidence against the African context. CONCLUSIONS: The above approach resulted in an educational pathway (i.e. a scheme with educational goals concerning first aid for different age groups), a list of recommended educational approaches, and first aid teaching materials for children, based on the best available evidence and adapted to the African context.

Readability Assessment of Online Uveitis Patient Education Materials.

Purpose: To evaluate the readability of online uveitis patient education materials. Methods: A Google search in November 2016 was completed using search term "uveitis" and "uveitis inflammation." The top 50 websites with patient-centered information were selected and analyzed for readability using the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL), Flesch Reading Ease Score (FRES), Gunning FOG Index (GFI), and Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG). Statistical analysis was performed with two-tailed t-tests. Results: The mean word count of the top 50 websites was 1162.7 words, and averaged 16.2 words per sentence. For these websites, the mean FRES was 38.0 (range 4-66, SD = 12.0), mean FKGL was 12.3 (range 6.8-19, SD = 2.4), mean SMOG score was 14.4 (range 9.8-19, SD = 1.8), and the mean Gunning FOG index was 14.0 (range 8.6-19, SD = 2.0). Conclusions: The majority of online patient directed uveitis materials are at a higher reading level than that of the average American adult.

"Edublog Enfermería" en España y México / Nursing Edublog in Spain and Mexico

OBJETIVO: conocer el impacto en las redes sociales tras implementar un proyecto de innovación docente, que consistió en la adaptación de un blog, "Edublog Enfermería", como herramienta de apoyo de las clases presenciales de dos universidades de España y México, y la difusión de contenidos docentes sobre salud sexual y reproductiva a través de las redes sociales Twitter y Facebook. MÉTODO: estudio descriptivo. Se crearon perfiles en redes sociales enlazados e insertados en el blog. Se invitó a utilizar estas herramientas a los 117 alumnos matriculados en la asignatura de Enfermería en Salud Sexual y Reproductiva de segundo curso de Grado en Enfermería de la Universidad de Valladolid durante un semestre académico (2016-2017). Se midió de forma descriptiva el uso de Facebook y Twitter después del semestre. RESULTADOS: se trabajó en red desde las dos universidades y se generó un intenso flujo de comunicación en gente joven. Twitter logró 1.001 seguidores, 4.267 tweets y 564 "Me gusta". Facebook 2.139 seguidores y un alcance semanal entre 15.000 y 25.000 personas e interacciones por semana de 1.200 a 1500. CONCLUSIONES: aprender a través de estas herramientas gratuitas, fáciles de usar, utilizadas de forma cotidiana, permiten la inmersión de los alumnos en el mundo profesional y de los profesionales en una continua actualización de su disciplina. La rapidez de la difusión de la comunicación que genera, la interacción y poder usarlas desde cualquier lugar y en cualquier momento hace que estas herramientas sean idóneas para el aprendizaje de Enfermería

OBJECTIVE: to understand the impact on social networks of implementing an educational innovation project, consisting in the adaptation of the blog called "Nursing Edublog" as a support tool for face-to-face classes in two Universities from Spain and Mexico, and the communication of educational contents on sexual and reproductive health through the social networks Twitter and Facebook. METHOD: a descriptive study. Profiles were created in social networks, linked and inserted in the blog. The 117 students registered in the course Sexual and Reproductive Health Nursing in the second term of the Nursing Degree at the Universidad de Valladolid were invited to use these tools during an academic semester (2016-2017). There was a descriptive measurement of the use of Facebook and Twitter after the semester. RESULTS: there was on-line work from both universities, and an intense communication flow was generated among young people. Twitter achieved 1,001 followers, 4,267 tweets and 564 Likes. Facebook achieved 2,139 followers, and reached between 15,000 and 25,000 persons per week and 1,200 to 1,500 interactions per week. CONCLUSIONS: learning through these free tools, easy to use and used daily, allow the immersion of students in the professional world, and a continuous update in their discipline for professionals. The fast spread of communication generated, the interaction, and the ability to use them from any place and at any time, make these tools adequate for education on Nursing

[Designing and evaluating therapeutic education tools for people living with HIV]. / Concevoir et évaluer des outils d'éducation thérapeutique pour les personnes vivant avec le VIH.

In the context of therapeutic education for people living with HIV in Africa, educational tools must be adapted to their living environment. OBJECTIVES: To describe the process of designing education tools for patients living with HIV and evaluate their use by African caregivers-educators. METHODS: An eight-step participatory and formative process was carried out to design educational tools. Twenty-one caregivers-educators from nine French-speaking African countries in three focus groups were interviewed on the way in which they used these tools. RESULTS: Fourteen people were trained in the process of designing the tools and training caregivers-educators in their use. Two toolkits were developed (adults and children/adolescents). The image folder was the tool most commonly used. Educators in all countries used tools to address self-care and psychosocial coping skills. The criteria for choosing the tools were linked to their attractiveness, ease of use, their adaptation to the patient's needs and characteristics, and the degree of mastery by the caregiver-educator. The tools helped to structure the education sessions. Brakes to their use were organizational and lack of experience or mastery. CONCLUSION: The participatory and formative approach enabled educators working with patients living with HIV in French-speaking Africa to appropriate the tools. Training was a crucial step in enabling caregiver-educators to master and disseminate the tools, and design new tools.

Prostate Cancer Information Available in Health-Care Provider Offices: An Analysis of Content, Readability, and Cultural Sensitivity.

Prostate cancer (PrCA) is the most common cancer affecting men in the United States, and African American men have the highest incidence among men in the United States. Little is known about the PrCA-related educational materials being provided to patients in health-care settings. Content, readability, and cultural sensitivity of materials available in providers' practices in South Carolina were examined. A total of 44 educational materials about PrCA and associated sexual dysfunction was collected from 16 general and specialty practices. The content of the materials was coded, and cultural sensitivity was assessed using the Cultural Sensitivity Assessment Tool. Flesch Reading Ease, Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level, and the Simple Measure of Gobbledygook were used to assess readability. Communication with health-care providers (52.3%), side effects of PrCA treatment (40.9%), sexual dysfunction and its treatment (38.6%), and treatment options (34.1%) were frequently presented. All materials had acceptable cultural sensitivity scores; however, 2.3% and 15.9% of materials demonstrated unacceptable cultural sensitivity regarding format and visual messages, respectively. Readability of the materials varied. More than half of the materials were written above a high-school reading level. PrCA-related materials available in health-care practices may not meet patients' needs regarding content, cultural sensitivity, and readability. A wide range of educational materials that address various aspects of PrCA, including treatment options and side effects, should be presented in plain language and be culturally sensitive.

Educación responsable: Primer año de implementación en la Fundación Síndrome de Down de Cantabria / No disponible

Educación Responsable comenzó en Cantabria hace ya más de una década. En 2011 la Universidad de Cantabria realizó una evaluación pedagógica y de impacto psicológico, cuyos resultados revelaron que la Educación Responsable favorece la Inteligencia Emocional. Además, se detectaron menores niveles de ansiedad y una mejora en el clima escolar y en el rendimiento académico. Este año, durante el curso 2016-2017, la Fundación Síndrome de Down de Cantabria ha incluido este programa en su formación, aplicando los diferentes recursos que lo forman: Banco de herramientas, Literatura y emociones, ReflejArte y Coro de las Emociones

The program "Educación Responsible" started in Cantabria more than a decade ago. An assessment performed by the University of Cantabria showed its pedagogic and psychological values, leading to an improvement of emotional intelligence. In addition, levels on anxiety were reduced, and the scholar environment and academic output were improved. During the last course 2016-2017, this program has been implemented in the Occupational Center of the Fundación Síndrome de Down de Cantabria, selecting the following domains: Banco de Herramientas, Literatura y Emociones, ReflejArte and Coro de Emociones. Preliminary results are discussed

Ambiente de aprendizagem: o espaço escolar da educação profissional técnica de nível médio em enfermagem / Learning environment: the school area of professional education in nursing technicians / Ambiente de aprendizaje: el entorno escolar en la educación profesional técnica en enfermería

Objetivo: caracterizar o espaço escolar e a infraestrututura das escolas de educação de nível médio em enfermagem. Método: estudo descritivo, projeto aprovado pelo protocolo CAAE: 01433012.8.0000.5393, realizado em quatro escolas do estado de São Paulo, cujos dados foram coletados entre agosto/outubro de 2012 por observação não participante e questionário, respondido por quatro coordenadores e analisados a partir do referencial consultado. Resultados: três escolas são privadas, com 766 alunos matriculados e uma é pública, com 53; a infraestrutura de três é adaptada para a função escolar. Conforto ambiental e higiene são considerados. Possuem equipamentos de multimídia. Os laboratórios de enfermagem têm espaço reduzido, os materiais e manequins para simulações são obsoletos, bibliotecas têm acervos reduzidos e desatualizados, inexistem videotecas, laboratórios de anatomia e fisiologia. Conclusão: a infraestrutura e espaço educativo, na maioria das escolas, são improvisados, não atendem ao mínimo requerido, o que possivelmente poderá sacrificar a qualidade do perfil profissional a ser formado.

Objective: to characterize teaching space and infrastructure of middle schools providing vocational education to nursing technicians. Method: this descriptive study (research ethics approval protocol CAAE: 01433012.8.0000.5393) was conducted at four schools in São Paulo State, where data were collected, between August and October 2012, by non-participant observation and a questionnaire answered by four coordinators, and analyzed against a frame of reference. Results: three schools were private (766 students enrolled) and one was public (53 students); at three, infrastructure was adapted to the school function. Environmental comfort and hygiene were contemplated. They had multimedia equipment. Nursing laboratories had limited space, materials and mannequins for simulations were outdated, libraries collections were small and outdated, and there were no video libraries or anatomy and physiology laboratories. Conclusion: at most of the schools, infrastructure and teaching space were improvised and did not meet minimum requirements, which may possibly sacrifice quality in the profile of professional to be trained.

Objetivo: caracterizar el entorno escolar y la infraestructura de escuelas técnicas en enfermería. Método: estudio descriptivo. Protocolo CAAE: 01433012.8.0000.5393. Se llevó a cabo en cuatro escuelas en el estado de São Paulo, cuyos datos fueron recolectados entre agosto/ octubre de 2012 por la observación no participante y el cuestionario, contestado por los cuatro coordinadores y se analizaron mediante la consulta de referencia. Resultados: tres escuelas son privadas, con 766 alumnos matriculados y el público tiene 53; la infraestructura de los tres está adaptada para la función de la escuela. El confort ambiental y la higiene son considerados. Tienen equipos multimedia. Laboratorios de enfermería tienen un espacio limitado, son materiales obsoletos y maniquíes para las simulaciones, las bibliotecas han reducido y las colecciones obsoletas, no existen laboratorios videotecas, anatomía y fisiología. Conclusión: la infraestructura y el espacio educativo en la mayoría de las escuelas se improvisan no cumple con el mínimo requerido, lo que podría sacrificar la calidad del perfil profesional a formar.

Oral Chemotherapy Education: Using Innovation to Ensure Broad Access.

The purpose of this article is to share one institution's intervention to improve oral chemotherapy patient education. The overall aim was to provide clinicians with a single source of educational materials that would meet a diverse group of patients' educational needs and be consistent with published guidelines.
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An interactive, multi-modal Anatomy workshop improves academic performance in the health sciences: a cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Students often strategically adopt surface approaches to learning anatomy in order to pass this necessarily content-heavy subject. The consequence of this approach, without understanding and contextualisation, limits transfer of anatomical knowledge to clinical applications. Encouraging deep approaches to learning is challenging in the current environment of lectures and laboratory-based practica. A novel interactive anatomy workshop was proposed in an attempt to address this issue. METHODS: This workshop comprised of body painting, clay modelling, white-boarding and quizzes, and was undertaken by 66 health science students utilising their preferred learning styles. Performance was measured prior to the workshop at the mid-semester examination and after the workshop at the end-semester examination. Differences between mid- and end-semester performances were calculated and compared between workshop attendees and non-attendees. Baseline, post-workshop and follow-up surveys were administered to identify learning styles, goals for attendance, useful aspects of the workshop and self-confidence ratings. RESULTS: Workshop attendees significantly improved their performance compared to non-attendees (p = 0.001) despite a difference at baseline (p = 0.05). Increased self-confidence was reported by the attendees (p < 0.001). To optimise their learning, 97% of attendees reported utilising multi-modal learning styles. Five main goals for participating in the workshop included: understanding, strategic engagement, examination preparation, memorisation and increasing self-confidence. All attendees reported achieving these goals. The most useful components of the workshop were body painting and clay modelling. CONCLUSIONS: This interactive workshop improved attendees' examination performance and promoted engaged-enquiry and deeper learning. This tool accommodates varied learning styles and improves self-confidence, which may be a valuable supplement to traditional anatomy teaching.

El estudiante como protagonista de su aprendizaje: La necesidad del uso del portafolio en enfermería dentro del contexto de Educación Superior / The student as protagonists of their learning: the need to use the portfolio in nursing within the context of higher education

Las reformas promovidas por el proceso Bolonia han implicado cambios en las formas de enseñar y aprender dentro del marco del Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior. Esta amplia remodelación trae consigo por un lado un cambio estructural y, por otro, una reconceptualización del proceso de aprendizaje apoyada en las teorías constructivistas, a través de estrategias metodológicas de construcción del conocimiento desarrolladas por los estudiantes. El objetivo del presente artículo es presentar una reflexión teórica acerca del uso del portafolio como recurso didáctico para la enseñanza y aprendizaje dentro de este contexto. Se ha observado que la implicación de los estudiantes en la identificación de los problemas a través del portafolio, facilita a los docentes una mayor comprensión de los procesos de aprendizaje de los estudiantes, así como una oportunidad para éstos de efectuar un aprendizaje más reflexivo, autónomo y participativo, tan importante en disciplinas eminentemente prácticas como la Enfermería

The reforms promoted by the Bologna process have led to changes in the forms of teaching and learning within the framework of European Higher Education. This brings extensive remodeling on the one hand a structural change and on the other, a re-conceptualization of the learning process supported by constructivist theories, through methodological strategies developed knowledge construction by students. The aim of this paper is to present a theoretical reflection on using the portfolio as a teaching resource for teaching and learning in this context. It has been observed that the involvement of students in identifying problems through the portfolio, provides teachers with a greater understanding of the learning processes of students as well as an opportunity for them to make a more reflective learning, independent and participatory practices eminently important in disciplines such as Nursing

The virtual classroom and Ebola preparedness.

A hospital in Sierra Leone has collaborated in the development of computer-based training for Ebola management. Clare Sansom reports.

Program Directors' Use and Perceptions of the Online STFM Resource Library: A CERA Report.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The online STFM Resource Library (RL) was launched in 2005 by STFM with a grant from the National Library of Medicine. This study was conducted to assess the RL usage patterns and RL-related perceptions of family medicine program directors (PDs) to guide potential process improvement. METHODS: Questions about the RL were included in a larger omnibus survey conducted by the CAFM Educational Research Alliance (CERA). The sampling frame for the survey was all US family medicine PDs as identified by the Association of Family Medicine Residency Directors. RESULTS: The overall response rate was 50.9% (224/440). A total of 170 (75.9%) had previously used the RL. PDs from university-affiliated programs were more likely to have used the RL (92.7% versus 73.7%). Forty percent of respondents reported the RL was easy to use, and 25.3% agreed that the RL is more valuable than other medical education web sites. Respondents who had been PD for less than 5 years reported a greater relative advantage of the RL (31.9% versus 17.9%). Women reported higher relative advantage for the RL than men (34.5% versus 20.5%). CONCLUSIONS: PDs who have used the site report relatively low satisfaction with its ease of use and relative value. Most do not consider it to be more useful than other medical education web sites. Women PDs rate the resource higher than men. The RL is a widely used resource that could be updated to make it easier to use and more valuable to family medicine educators.

The rise of medical training in Portuguese speaking African countries.

BACKGROUND: Medical training has shown to be strategic for strengthening health systems, especially in those countries identified to have critical shortage of human resources for health. In the past few years, several studies have been conducted to characterize and identify major challenges faced by medical schools worldwide, and particularly in Africa. Nevertheless, none has previously addressed medical training issues in Portuguese Speaking African Countries (PSAC). The aim of this study was to establish baseline knowledge of the PSAC's medical schools in terms of creation and ownership, programmes offered, applicants and registered students, barriers to increased intake of students, teaching workforce and available resources. METHODS: A quantitative, observational, multicentric, cross-sectional study of all medical schools active in 2012 in the PSAC. An adapted version of the questionnaires developed by Chen et al. (2012) was sent to all medical schools electronically. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: A total of nine medical schools answered the questionnaire (three from Angola, two from Guinea Bissau and four from Mozambique). Since 2006 an effort has been made to increase the number of medical trainees. Besides the medical degree offered by all schools, some offered other undergraduate and postgraduate training programmes. The number of applicants to medical schools largely outnumbers the available vacancies in all countries but insufficient infrastructures and lack of teaching personnel are important constraints to increase vacancies. The teaching personnel are mainly trained abroad, employed part-time by the medical school and do not have a PhD qualification. CONCLUSION: Governments in the PSAC have significantly invested in training to address medical shortages. However, medical schools are still struggling to give an adequate and effective response. Developing a local postgraduate training capacity for doctors might be an important strategy to help retain medical doctors in the home country and develop local faculty capacity.

Conocimiento histórico de la estomatología pinareña: necesidad de un material docente como complemento bibliográfico / Historical knowledge of Pinar del Río dentistry: necessity for a teaching material as a bibliographical complementation

La Educación Superior Cubana centra su atención en formar profesionales capaces de orientar su actuación en la profesión con iniciativa, flexibilidad y autonomía, partir de la integración de conocimientos, habilidades, motivos y valores que se expresan en su desempeño. La limitante del diseño curricular de la asignatura Historia de la Estomatología y del libro de texto, que no incluye los elementos del contexto universitario local motivó la investigación que trazó como. Determinar las limitantes existentes de los materiales de enseñanza empleados en el proceso de aprendizaje de la asignatura Historia de la Estomatología del Plan D Investigación pedagógica con enfoque dialéctico materialista que empleo diversos métodos, materialista-dialéctico, análisis histórico-lógico y empírico. Se revisaron documentos, se realizaron encuestas, y valoraciones de expertos. Los resultados fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva. Los estudiantes de 2do y 4to año de la Carrera de Estomatología evidenciaron desconocimiento en mas del 80 por ciento de los encuestados sobre la Historia de la formación de recursos humanos en Estomatología en la Provincia de Pinar del Río, el 100 por ciento creyó importante conocer el desarrollo de dicha formación y coincidieron en la necesidad de literatura docente para adquirir estos conocimientos.Es insuficiente la literatura existente para el estudio de los referentes locales en la formación de recursos humanos en Estomatología y se propone elaborar un material docente para la asignatura Historia de la Estomatología, que describa La Historia de la formación de recursos Humanos en Pinar del Río desde 1959 hasta 2013(AU)

Cuban Higher Education centers its attention towards training professional capable of directing their performance profile with initiative, flexibility and autonomy, starting from the integration of knowledge, skills, motivation, and values expressed in their performance. The limiting component of the syllabus design for the subject History of Dentistry and the textbook, not including the elements of the university local context, motivated this research.The objective was to determine the limiting aspects existing in regard to the teaching material used in the learning process of the subject History of Dentistry in the D Syllabus Plan. Cross-sectional descriptive research using diverse methods: materialistic-dialectical, historic and logical analysis and empirical ones. Papers were reviewed, surveys were conducted, and experts were interviewed for their evaluations. The results were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics. The second and fourth years Dentistry students showed lack of knowledge in more than 80 per cent of the surveyed, regarding the history of human resources training in Dentistry in Pinar del Río Province. The total 100 per cent considered important to know the development of such training and coincided in the idea that the teaching materials and bibliography are needed to acquire these knowledge.The existing literature is insufficient for the study of the local referents in the training of human resources in Dentistry, and it has been proposed to elaborate a teaching material for the subject History of Dentistry, which describes the history of human resources training in Pinar del Río from1959 to 2013(AU)